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pictorial guide Modocia |
ORDER PTYCHOPARIIDA last revised 15 July 2007 by S. M. Gon III Introduction: A large, heterogenous order with
primitive origins and problematic classification, with specialized
offshoots that are hard to frame within a
general diagnosis. |
| Ellipsocephaloidea .Yunnanocephalidae Ptychoparioidea Menomoniidae Norwoodiidae |
Suborder Ptychopariina
Introduction: Primitive Ptychopariida, a large and extremely
varied group. Superfamily Ellipsocephaloidea Aldonaiidae: Aldonaia, Granutaspis, Ideria, Perissopyge, Planaspis, Pumilina, Repinaspis, Tuvanella (=Eleganolimba), Tuvanellus, Volonellus. Bigotinidae: Bigotina, Bigotinella, Bigotinops, Bulaiaspis, Hupetina, Neobigotina, Ouijjania, Pruvostina, Serrania. Chengkouiidae: Acanthomicmacca (=Chengkouia; =Jaskovitchella; =Myopsomicmacca), Bidjinella, Changyangia, Micmacca, Turkestanella, Wenganella, Xiuqiella, Zacanthellina, Zhenbaspis (=Yankongia; =Zhenxiongaspis). Ellipsocephalidae: Acadolenus, Alueva, Antatlasia, Argunaspis, Asiatella, Bergeroniaspis, Bergeroniellus, Blayacina, Brevitermierella (=Paratermierella), Cambrunicornia, Catadoxides, Charaulaspis, Chorbusulina, Comluella, Culmenaspis, Ellipsocephalus (=Germaropyge), Ellipsostrenua, Glabrella, Hamatolenus, Hupeolenus, Issafeniella, Kadyella, Kameschkoviella, Kijanella, Kingaspidoides (=Elatius), Kingaspis (=Mesetaia), Krolina, Kymataspis, Latikingaspis, Latouchia, Latuzella, Lermontovia, Limataceps, Limouolenus, Lotzeia, Lusatiops (= Jalonella), Mohicana, Myopsolenus (=Collyrolenus), Myopsostrenua, Nelegeria, Olekmaspis, Ornamentaspis, Orodes, Ourikaia, Paramicmacca, Paraprotolenella, Pauliceps, Planolimbus, Protagraulos, Protaldonaia, Protolenella, Protolenus (/Bergeronia; =Matthewlenus), Pruvostinoides, Pseudoasiatella, Pseudokadyella, Pseudolenus, Pseudoprotolenella, Ptychoparopsis (=Berabichia), Rinconia, Sailycaspis, Sectigena, Strenuaeva (=Hindermeyeria), Strenuella, Tadakoustia, Termieraspis, Termierella, Thoralaspis, Timnaella, Triangulaspis (=Acutaspis; =Angustaeva; =Plenudiscus; =Triangullina), Yeshanaspis. Estaingiidae: Alanisia, Chulanolenus, Coreolenus, Eomalungia, Estaingia (=Hsuaspis, =Pseudichangia; =Zhuxiella; =Sematiscus; =Strenax), Hupeia, Ichangia, Longmenshania, Longxianaspis, Madianaspis, Mundocephalina, Ningxiaspis, Olekinanellus, Paraichangia, Pararaia (=Proichangia; =Tannuolaspis), Protolenoides, Shangsiaspis, Shifangia, Shiqihepsis, Sichuanolenus, Subeia, Szechuanolenus, Yinshanaspis. Palaeolenidae: Alataurus, Bajangoliaspis, Enammocephalus, Ferralsia, Gigoutella, Hybrocephalus, Hoffetella, Latipalaeolenus, Megapalaeolenus, Palaeolenella, Palaeolenides, Palaeolenus, Resimopsis, Schistocephalus, Torgaschina, Ulakhanella, Validaspis. Yunnanocephalidae: Elicicola, Luaspis, Pensacola, Wangzishia, Wenganlenus, Yunnanocephalus (/Pseudoptychoparia). Superfamily Ptychoparioidea Antagmidae: Antagmella, Antagmus, Bagradia, Bicella, Bilimbataia, Cambrophatictor, Crassifimbra, Cyphambon, Erzishania (=Oreisator), Houmengia, Katunia, Lennontoviella, Longshania, Luaspides, Mantoushania, Onchocephalina, Onchocephalus (=Litocodia), Paraantagmus, Periomma, Plesioperiomma, Shilengshuia, Sombrerella, Wanbeiaspis, Xiangqianaspis, Xiaofangshangia, Xiaomajiella, Yuehsienszella. Asaphiscidae: Anomocarellius, Asaphiscus, Blainia, Blainiopsis, Blountiella, Blountina, Canotiana (=Williamsina), Cinnella, ?Conoides, Dunderburgella, Edithiella, Eoasaphiscus HAJRULLINA, Eokaninia (/Kaniniella SIVOV), Eoproetus, Erbenia, Eteraspis, Iniotoma, Kaninia (/Kaniniella SIVOV; =Dolgaia), Kaniniella KOBAYASHI, Lioparia (/Lorentzia, /Pseudoliostracina; =Emmrichella; =Liaoyangaspis), Luyanhaoaspis (/Luaspis PENG et al., 1995), Mindycrusta, Paraorlovia, Vega, Verkholenella. Atopidae: Atopina, Atops (=Ivshiniellus), ?Avalonia, Pseudatops. Bolaspididae: Acrocephalops, Bolaspidaspis, Bolaspis, Eldoradia, Rawlinsella. Cedariidae: Bonneterrina (=Holstonia; =Piedmontia), Carinamala, Cedaria, Cedarina, Henadoparia, Jimachongia, Vernaculina. Changshaniidae: Benxiella, Changshania (=Metachangshania; =Prochangshania), Changshanocephalus, Kazelia (=Kazellina), Mecophyrs, Narinosa, Parachangshania, Paramenomonia, Paraqingshuiheella (=Qingshuiheella), Pseudowentsuia, Suribongia, Wentsuia. Conocoryphidae: Bailiaspis, Bailiella (=Liaotungia; =Liocephalus; =Tangshihella), Cainatops (=Comucoryphe), Conocoryphe (/Conocephalites; =Conocephalus; =Couloumania), Ctenocephalus, Elyx (/Eryx), Hartella, Parabailiella, Tchaiaspis. Conokephalinidae: Buitella, Catuniella, Conokephalina (=Lobocephalina; =Ruzickaia/Lobocephalus), Gorskia, Maspakites, Meisteraspis, Meisterella, Miranda, Oirotella, Suludella, Westergaardella. Crepicephalidae: Bagongshania, Beikuangaspis, Cayupania, Coosella (=Wilsonella), Coosia, Coosina, Coosinoides, Crepicephalina (=Mesocrepicephalus), Crepicephalus, Hsuchuangia, Idioura, Kasatchaspis, Neimonggolaspis, Perforina, Pseudocrepicephalus, Sinocoosella, Sinocrepicephalus, Sneedvillia, Temnoura (=Asteromajia), Tetraceroura, Uncaspis, Zaozhuangaspis. Diceratocephalidae: Anopocodia, Aulacodigma, Cyclolorenzella, Diceratocephalus, Fenghuangella (=Cyclolorenzellina), Hwangjuella, Jiangnania, Tangshihlingia, Tholifrons (=Paraphoreotropsis), Torifera, Xiangia. Elviniidae: Chariocephalus, Dartonaspis, Drumaspis, Dunderbergia, Dytremacephalus, Elburgia, Elvinaspis, Elvinia (=Moosia), Elviniella, Elvinioides, Elyaspis, Enshia, Irvingella (=Irvingellina; =Parairvingella; =Komaspis), Jessievillia, Kujandina, Maladioides, Maladiopsis, Megadundabergia, Metisaspina, Onchopeltis, Paraenshia, Parakomaspis, Pesaia, Protemnites (=Prismenaspis), Pseudomaladioides, Pseudosaukia, Qingshuihella, Schmidtaspis, Yunlingia. Eulomidae: Acrocephalaspina, Altaiaspis, ?Amzasskiella (=Triplacephalus), Archaeuloma, Baikadamaspis, Bilacunaspis, Butyrinia, Crucicephalus, Dolgeuloma (/Rosovaspis/ Pseudoacrocephalites ROSOVA), Duplora, Euduplora, Euloma (=Calymenopsis), Guizhoucephalina, Iveria, Karataspis, Ketyna (=Kujandaspis), Lateuloma, Limpeina, Loparella, Lopeuloma, Luyanhaoia, Miaeuloma, ?Natmus, Pareulorna (=Gansucephalina), Pesaiina, Plecteuloma, Probilacunaspis, Proteuloma (=Mioeuloma), Pseudoacrocephalites MAKSIMOVA, Sanduspis, Spineuloma, Stigmatoa. Ignotogregatidae: Ignotogregatus. Inouyiidae: Catinouyia, Eoinouyia, Huainania, Inouyia, Parahuainania, Parainouyia, Parajialaopsis, Parawuania, Plesiowuania, Proinouyia, Pseudinouyia. Isocolidae: Cyphoniscus, Effnaspis, Hanzhongaspis, Holdenia (/Tiresias), Isocolus (/Astyages), Kielanella, Liangshanocephalus, Paratiresias, Pradesia, Pseudopetigurus, Taimyraspis, Thoralocolus, Triarthroides. Kingstoniidae: Acheilus CLARK, Ankoura, Blountia (=Homodictya; =Protillaenus; =Stenocombus), Brachyaspidion (/Brachyaspis MILLER, 1936), Bynumia, Bynumina, Calvipelta, Clelandia (/Harrisia; =Bynumiella), Ithycephalus, Kingstonella, Kingstonia (=Ucebia), Kingstonioides, Komaspidella (=Buttsina; =Ataktaspis), Larifugula, Maryvillia, Pugionicauda, Saonella, Shuizuia, Wanwanaspis, Wanwanoglobus, Yanzhuangia. Lisaniidae: Dazhuia, Eoshcngia (=Baojingia), Extrania, Klimaxocephalus, Lisania (=Aojia), Megalisania, Metalisania, Paralisaniella, Paraojia, Parashengia, Platylisania, Quandraspis, Redlichaspis (=Lisaniella), Rinella, Shengia, Xichuania. Llanoaspididae: Amquia, Arcuolimbus, Deiracephalus (/Asteraspis), Genevievella (=Placoscma; = Nixonella; =Torridella), Llanoaspidella, Llanoaspis, Metisaspis, Nahannicephalus, Paracedaria (/Pilgrimia), Rogersvillia, Sacha, Stenelymus, Tagenarella. Lonchocephalidae: Amiaspis, Bolaspidellus, Calymenidius, Caulaspina, Caulaspis, Durinia, Glaphyraspis (=Raaschella), Graciella, Hawkinsaspis (/Hawkinsia), Interalia, Kuraspis, Kuraspoides, Lazarenkiura, Letniites, Lonchocephalus (=Bucksella), Monosulcatina, Neoglaphyraspis, Nordia, Olegaspis, Prolonchocephalus, Pseudotalbotina, Quebecaspis, Raaschellina, Talbotina, Terranovella, Trymataspis, Weeksina. Lorenzellidae: Damiaoaspis, Eujinnania, Inouyops, Inoyellaspis, Jiangjunshania, Lonchinouyia, Lorenzella, Paralorenzangella (/Paralorenzella Q.Z. ZHANG), Paralorenzella LUO, Paraporilorenzella, Porilorenzella (=Jinnania), Pseudolorenzella, Ptyctolorenzella, Zhongweia. Mapaniidae: Angsiduoa, Hualongia, Mapania, Mapanopsis, Metanomocarella, Paramapania, Pseudomapania, Quitacetra, Quitalia. Marjumiidae: Anemocephalops, Crepichilella, Glyphopeltis, Holmdalia, Ithyektyphus, Lecanopleura, Loulania, Marjumia, Modocia (=Armonia; =Metisia; =Perioura; =Semnocephalus), Nasocephalus, Nericella, Nericia, Pearylandia, Petruninaspis, Schyilaspis, Shickshockia, Syspacheilus. Menomoniidae: Balderia, Biaverta, Bolaspidella (= Deissella; =Howellaspis), Bridgeia, Coenaspis, Coenaspoides, Deltophthalmus, Dresbachia, Hysteropleura (=Apedopyanus), Josina, Knechtelia, Menomonia (=Densonella/Millardia), Tavsenia, Verditerrina. Nepeidae: Ascionepea, Ferenepea, Folliceps, Loxonepea, Nepea, Penarosa (=Trinepea). Norwoodiidae: Cedaraspis, Garbiella, Hardyoides (=Norwoodina), Holcacephalus, Levisaspis, Norwoodella, Norwoodia (=Whitfieldina), Paranorwoodia, Xenocheilos. Papyriaspididae: Badainjaranaspis, Metapianaspis, Papyriaspis, Pianaspis, Prohedinaspis, Prohedinia (=Tosotychia), Sanduhedinaspis, Wandelella, Wangcunia, Wudangia. Phylacteridae: Aphelotoxon (=Ponumia), Cliffia, Drabia, Phylacterus (=Liostracinoides), Westonaspis. Proasaphiscidae: Acanthocephalus Alomataspis, Chelidonocephalus, Dananzhuangaspis, Daopingia, Deltocephalus, Derikaspis, Dignaceps, Eoasaphiscellus (/Eoasaphiscus LU & YUAN), Eymekops (=Kolpura), Farsia, Gangdeeria, Gloria, Grandioculus (/Megalophthalmus; =Honania), Guankouia, Hadraspis, Hatangia, Heukkyoella, Holanshania, Honanaspis, Hsiaoshia, Huaibeia, Hundwarella (=Anomocaraspis), Hunjiangaspis, Iranochresterius, Iranoleesia (/Irania; =Michaspis; =Heyelingella), Itcheriella, Jiangsuaspis, Jiangsucephalus, Jiangsuia, Jiubaspis, Jixianella (/Jixiania), Koptura (=Parakoptura), Kopungiella, Kutsingocephalus, Leichuangia, Lioparella (=Zhuozishania), Luliangshanaspis, Luonanocephalus, Manchuriella, Maotunia, Memmatella, Miaobanpoia, Paofeniellus, Paragangdeeria, Parazhongtiaoshanaspis, Plectrocrania, Plesigangdeeria, Proasaphiscina, Proasaphiscus, Pseudanomocarina, Pseudonericella, Raduginella, Severina, Shanxiella, Shuangshania, Stella, Sudanomocarina, Szeaspis (=Spitiaspis), Tankhella, Tengfengia, Teratokoptura, Tylotaspis, Ulania, Urjungaspis, Wutaishanaspis, Xiangshania, Xinglongia, Yanshania, Yujinia, Zhaishania, Zhongtiaoshanaspis. Ptychopariidae: Achlysopsis, Altikolia, Altitudella, Amecephalites, Asthenopsis, Austinvillia, Balangcunaspis, Bashania, Bathyholcus, Bathyocos, Billingsaspis, Binodaspis (=Xilingxia), Blairella, Bolaspidina, Brunswickia, Bulkuraspis, Caborcella, Callidaspina, Callidaspis, Cathayanella, Champlainia, Chengshanaspis, Chinghisicus, Chunghwaella, Conopolus, Dananzhuangia, Deltina, Douposiella (=Tongshania), Elrathina, Entsyna, Eodouposiella, Eokochaspis, Eosoptychoparia, Eospencia, Eurostina, Finecrestia, Gaotanaspis, Gaphuraspis, Gedongaspis, Gunnia (=Ellotia; =Yiliangaspis), Hadrocephalites, Hadrokraspedon, Hamptonella, Hejinaspis, Hemicricometopus, Hewenia, Holasaphus, Horbusonia, Illtydaspis, Jangudaspis, Jialaopsis, Jianchangia, Jimaoshania, Jiumenia, Kermanella, Kochaspis (/Palaeocrepicephalus), Kochiella (=Eiffelaspis), Kochiellina, Kochina, Kounamkites, Kunmingaspis (=Benxiaspis), Laminurus, Laoyingshania, Lianglangshania, Loriella, Luguoia, Luxella, Lyriaspis, Majiangia, Manailina, Meitania, Metisella, Mexicella, Monanocephalus, Mopanshania, Mrassina, Mufushania, Nangaocephalus, Nangaoia, Nangaops, Nanoqia, Nassovia, Nelsonia, Neokochina, Nyella, Olenekina, Onchocephalites, Ontoella, Orienturus, Orlovia, Orloviella, Pachyaspidella, Pachyaspis, Palmeraspis, Panacus, Paraeosoptychoparia, Paragunnia, Paramecephalus (=Parahiolites), Paraperiomma, Paraplagiura, Parapoulsenia, Parashuiyuella, Paraziboaspis, Perimetopus, Periommella, Piazella, Pingluaspis, Piochaspis, Plagiura (=Ruichengella; =Plagiurella), Pokrovskayaspis, Poulsenella, Poulsenia, Poulseniella, Probowmania, Probowmaniella (=Proshantungaspis), Probowmanops, Proliostracus, Promeitania, ?Protohedinia, Pseudoliostracus, Psilostracus, Ptychoparella (=Eoptychoparia; =Syspacephalus; =Elrathma), Ptychoparia (=Agraulopsis; =Ptychoparioides), Qiaotouaspis, Qingshuiheia, Reedus, Regina, Regius, Runnania, Salankanaspis, Sanhuangshania, Sanwania, Schistometopus, Semisphaerocephalus, Seriaspis, Shanganella, Shantungaspis, Shuiyuella, Sinoptychoparia, Spencella, Spencia (=Stauroholcus), Stoecklinia, Sujaraspis, Suluktella, Taijiangia, Taniaspidella, ?Townleyella, Trachyostracus, Trigonyangaspis (/Trigonaspis), Tukalandaspis, ?Ulrichaspis, Variopelta, Vermontella, Vica, Volocephalina, Wanhuaia, Weijiaspis, Wuhaina, Xiangshanaspis, Xingrenaspis (=Spitella; = Danzhaina; =Wuxunaspis), Yaoyiayuella, Yohoaspis, Yuknessaspis, Ziboaspidella, Ziboaspis. Shumardiidae: Acanthopleurella, Changchowilla, Conophrys, Elaphraella, Eoshumardia, Gaoloupingia, Koldinioidia (=Akoldinioidia), Kuruktagaspis, Kweichowilla, Leioshumardia, Leoforteyia, Liriamnica, Parashumardia, Puanocephalus, Shumardia, Shumardoella (/Shumardella), Shumardops, Stigmametopus, Tarimella (=Yinganaspis), Thomondia, Trianguraspis. Solenopleuridae: Abakanopleura, Acanthometopus, Acrocephalaspis, Aiaiaspis, Aidarella, Aikhaliella, Albansia, Aldanaspis, Badulesia, Bigranulella, Bijelina, Braintreella, Canotaspis, Catasolenopleura, Changqingia (=Austrosinia), Colliceps, Conicephalus, Crusoia, Daldynaspis, Datongites, Denaspis, Eilura, Ejinaspis, Erratojincella, Foveatella, Gonzaloia, Gushanaspis, Herse (/Solenopleurina; =Parasolenopleura WESTERGARD), Huzhuia, Hyperoparia, Jiagouia, Jincella, Kabuqiia, Kaipingella, Karagandoides, Keguqinia, Lashushania, Levisia, Lingyuanaspis, Liosolenopleura, Maiaspis, Manublesia, Markhaspis, Mataninella, Menocephalites (=Parataitzuia), Minupeltis, Mukrania, Munija, Neoacrocephalites, Neosolenopleurella, Nilegna, Ninaspis, Notocoryphe, Paracrocephalites (/Arctaspis), Paramenocephalites (=Solenoparina), Parasolenoparia, Parasolopleurena (/Parasolenopleura POLETAEVA), Parayabeia, Pardailhania, Perneraspis (/Perneria), Pingluia, Plesisolenoparia, Proavus, Protrachoparia, Pseudosolenoparia, Reillopleura, Rimouskia, Rina, Sao (=Acanthocnemis; =Acanthogramma, =Crithias; =Endogramma; =Enneacnemis; =Goniacanthus; =Micropyge; =Monadina; =Monadella; =Selenosema; =Staurogmus; =Tetracnemis), Shanghaiaspis, Sohopleura, Solenoparia, Solenoparops, Solenopleura, Solenopleurella, Solenopleuropsis, Squarrosoella, Suyougouia, Tabalqueia, Tangwangzhaia, Tjungiella, Trachoparia, Usumunaspis, Velieuxia, Wafangdiania, Xianfengia, Yabeia. Tricrepicephalidae: Erediaspis, Meteoraspis (=Greylockia; = Coleopachys), Prometeoraspis, Tricrepicephalus (/Paracrepicephalus). Utiidae: Amginouyia, Antagmopleura (=Poljakovia), Chondragrautina, Chondagraulos, Okunevaella, Utia. Wuaniidae: Eotaitzuia, Houmaia, Inouyella, Jixianaspis, Latilorenzella (=Wuania), Lophodesella, Megagraulos, Pseudosolenopleura, Rencunia, Ruichengaspis, Wuanoides, Wuhushania, Yunmengshania. |
. . Triarthrus 
|
Suborder Olenina
Cephalon: with narrow border, opisthoparian sutures (exceptionally
proparian), genal angle rounded or spined, glabella tapering forward with
simple, sigmoid, or bifurcate furrows (furrows absent in some forms); librigenae
yoked (fused by a narrow strip of cephalic doublure), or rarely, separated
by anterior median suture; eyes small to medium, usually with distinct eye
ridges. |
Cattilicephalidae
Pemphigaspis
|
Uncertain Suborder or Polyphyletic Families: Avoninidae: Avonina, Wongia. Catillicephalidae: Acheilops, Agelagma (?=Paradistazeris), Buttsia, Buttsiella, Catillicephala (/Cephalocoelia), Catillicephalites, Coephalocoeliaspis, Cryptoderaspis, Distazeris, Galeaspis, Lajishanaspis, Madarocephalus, Matania, Onchonotellus (=Onchonotina; =Guotangia; =Seletella), Onchonotopsis, Onchonotus, Pemphigaspis (=Hallaspis), Peracheilus (=Acheilus RAYMOND), Qilianshania, Stenochilina, Theodenisia (/Denisia; =Calculites; =Mannschreekia), Triarthropsis, Tumidulaspis, Tuojiangella, Urbanaspis, Waergangia, Welleraspis (=Avonaspis), Yukonaspis. Ityophoridae: Frognaspis, Ityophorus. Plethopeltidae: Arapahoia (=Hesperaspis), Exigua (=Brassicicephalus), Koldinia, Koldiniella, Kuljumbina, Lampropeltis, Leiocoryphe, Meniscocoryphe, Notaiella, Plethopeltides, Plethopeltis (=Plethometopus; =Enontioura), Plethopeltoides (=Kulyumbopeltis), Poriplethopeltis, Pseudokoldinella, Semicyclocephalus, Stenopilus, Strotocephala, Tolstotchichaspis. ADDITIONAL CLASSIFICATION NOTES FOR PTYCHOPARIIDA: This order is certainly most problematic. Defined largely by combinations of primitive character states (such as tapering glabella, preglabellar field, natant hypostome, small, furrowed pygidium, and subdued exoskeletal sculturing), the fate of the Ptychopariida may be to slowly dwindle as groups such as the Proetida, Asaphida, and Harpetida are defined via their shared derived characters and extracted from the Ptychopariida clade. The origins of the Ptychopariida and other Early Cambrian trilobite lineages have been explored by Jell (2003) who noted that at least two major lineages arose independently in different parts of the Early Cambrian world out of Fallotaspidae (the earliest trilobite family, a member of Order Redlichiida) to produce taxa that are now referred to as members of Ellipsocephaloidea (generally recognized as the earliest of the Ptychopariida). In addition, another lineage gives rise to Anomocaridae (primitive members of Order Asaphida) and Proasaphiscidae (primitive Ptychoparioidea). This would make the Ptychopariida polyphyletic, and throws a complicaton into the origins of the Asaphida. Jell also questions the primacy of the conterminant hypostomal state, suggesting that the earliest trilobites were natant, and that both facial sutures and the conterminant condition arose independently in several lines. The "Librostome Orders" (Ptychopariida, Asaphida, Proetida, Harpetida, and possibly the Phacopida), have sister taxa within the Ptychopariida, making it a paraphyletic taxon. The problem is exacerbated by the inadequate diagnoses of the constituent families; even the well-accepted clades within Ptychopariida, such as the family Olenidae, are united by few shared derived characters, and, as in the Asaphida, there are primitive representatives lacking some of the derived states, and advanced representatives that have secondarily lost them. The process of clarifying the Ptychopariida is hampered by lack of complete specimens, lack of sufficient ontogenetic data, lack of hypostome and other ventral characters, etc. It will take much effort and some fortuitous breakthroughs in both data and analysis to deal with the Ptychopariida. There are a number of families and genera that are for the present considered part of the Ptychopariida, but for which additional detail is difficult to ascertain. This by definition makes the Ptychopariida a "garbage heap" taxon, an inelegant status. For a review of information dealing with ontogeny of Ptychopariida, see Dr. Rudy Lerosey-Aubril's page on larvae and trilobite orders: Ptychopariida. The genera listed here are from Jell & Adrain 2003. Fortey, R. A. Trilobite systematics: the last 75 years. J. of Paleontology. 75(6):1141-51. Jell, P.A. 2003. Phylogeny of Early Cambrina trilobites. Special Papers in Palaeontology 70:45-57. Jell, P.A. & J.M. Adrain. 2003 Available generic names for trilobites. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 48(2):331-553 |
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